剑桥雅思阅读11-2 3_剑桥雅思阅读11原文解析

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剑桥雅思阅读11-2 3_剑桥雅思阅读11原文解析 The White Horse of Uffington 阿芬顿的白马

剑桥雅思16 Test2 Passage1阅读原文翻译

第1段

The cutting of huge figures or ‘geoglyphs’ into the earth of English hillsides has taken place for more than 3,000 years. There are 56 hill figures scattered around England, with the vast majority on the chalk downlands of the country’s southern counties. The figures include giants, horses, crosses and regimental badges. Although the majority of these geoglyphs date within the last 300 years or so, there are one or two that are much older.

在英格兰山坡上雕刻巨大的图形（地雕）已经有超过3000年的历史。如今英格兰各地分布着56幅山地图形，大多数都位于该国南部的白垩丘陵地带。这些图形包括巨人，马，十字，以及团队徽章。虽然这些地雕大多数都是在近300年里造就的，但也有那么一两个的历史要久远许多。

第2段

The most famous of these figures is perhaps also the most mysterious – the Uffington White Horse in Oxfordshire. The White Horse has recently been re-dated and shown to be even older than its previously assigned ancient pre-Roman Iron Age date. More controversial is the date of the enigmatic Long Man of Wilmington in Sussex. While many historians are convinced the figure is prehistoric, others believe that it was the work of an artistic monk from a nearby priory and was created between the 11th and 15th centuries.

这些图形中最着名、或许也是最具有神秘色彩的是位于牛津郡的阿芬顿白马。白马最近被重新测定了年代，结果表明它的历史比之前认为的古代前罗马铁器时代还要久远。更加具有争议的创作时间是位于苏赛克斯的威明顿巨人。虽然许多历史学家认为该图形出现于有文字记载之前，但其他人认为它是附近修道院一名艺术僧侣的作品，大约创作于11世纪到15世纪之间。

第3段

The method of cutting these huge figures was simply to remove the overlying grass to reveal the gleaming white chalk below. However, the grass would soon grow over the geoglyph again unless it was regularly cleaned or scoured by a fairly large team of people. One reason that the vast majority of hill figures have disappeared is that when the traditions associated with the figures faded, people no longer bothered or remembered to clear away the grass to expose the chalk outline. Furthermore, over hundreds of years the outlines would sometimes change due to people not always cutting in exactly the same place, thus creating a different shape to the original geoglyph. The fact that any ancient hill figures survive at all in England today is testament to the strength and continuity of local customs and beliefs which, in one case at least, must stretch back over millennia.

切割这些巨型图形的方法十分简单，只用移除表面覆盖的植被，显露下面的白垩石就好。然而，除非有相对大型的团队进行周期性清理或者冲刷，杂草很快就会再长出来遮盖住地雕。大多数山地图形消失的原因就在于，当与其相关的传统逐渐没落时，人们不再想费力或者不再记得清除杂草以显露出白垩轮廓。此外，在几百年的时间里，其轮廓有时会因为人们并不总是在相同的地方进行清理而发生变化，由此造成与最初地雕不同的形状。英格兰地区任何存留至今的古代山地图形都展示了当地习俗与信仰的力量和连续性。至少在某一副地雕中，这些习俗和信仰可以追溯到1000多年前。

第4段

The Uffington White Horse is a unique, stylised representation of a horse consisting of a long, sleek back, thin disjointed legs, a streaming tail, and a bird-like beaked head. The elegant creature almost melts into the landscape. The horse is situated 2.5 km from Uffington village on a steep slope close to the Late Bronze Age (c. 7th century BCE) hillfort of Uffington Castle and below the Ridgeway, a long-distance Neolithic track.

阿芬顿白马是一副独特的、非写实的作品，包括线条流畅的长脊背、纤细分离的马腿、飘逸的尾巴、以及如同鸟儿一般有喙的头部。这一优雅的生物几乎融入到景色之中。马儿距阿芬顿2.5公里远，位于陡峭的山坡上，靠近青铜时代晚期的阿芬顿hillfort，在一条悠长的新石器时代小径（Ridgeway）之下。

第5段

The Uffington Horse is also surrounded by Bronze Age burial mounds. It is not far from the Bronze Age cemetery of Lambourn Seven Barrows, which consists of more than 30 well-preserved burial mounds. The carving has been placed in such a way as to make it extremely difficult to see from close quarters, and like many geoglyphs is best appreciated from the air. This article is from Laokaoya website. Nevertheless, there are certain areas of the Vale of the White Horse, the valley containing and named after the enigmatic creature, from which an adequate impression may be gained. Indeed on a clear day the carving can be seen from up to 30 km away.

阿芬顿白马被大量青铜时代的墓穴环绕着。它离Lambourn Seven Barrows的青铜时代墓地不远。该墓地包括30多个保存完好的坟丘。该图形的陈列方式文章来自老烤鸭雅思让它很难在近处看到，跟许多地雕一样，最好是从空中欣赏。然而，白马谷有一些地方可以看到相对完整的图像。天气晴朗的时候，30公里外就可以看到该雕像。

第6段

The earliest evidence of a horse at Uffington is from the 1070s CE when ‘White Horse Hill’ is mentioned in documents from the nearby Abbey of Abingdon, and the first reference to the horse itself is soon after, in 1190 CE. However, the carving is believed to date back much further than that. Due to the similarity of the Uffington White Horse to the stylised depictions of horses on 1st century BCE coins, it had been thought that the creature must also date to that period.

阿芬顿马儿的最早证据来自于公元11世纪70年代。当时附近的阿宾顿修道院的文档里第一次提到了“白马山丘”的名字。不久之后（公元1190年），马儿自己也被第一次提到。然而，人们认为这一图雕的历史可以追溯到很久之前。由于阿芬顿白马与公元前1世纪发行的硬币上马儿的简笔形象十分类似，人们认为，该生物也一定是那个年代的。

第7段

However, in 1995 Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) testing was carried out by the Oxford Archaeological Unit on soil from two of the lower layers of the horse’s body, and from another cut near the base. The result was a date for the horse’s construction somewhere between 1400 and 600 BCE – in other words, it had a Late Bronze Age or Early Iron Age origin …

然而，1995年牛津考古队对马儿身体下方的两处土层，以及底部附近的土层进行了光释光测试。结果表明，马儿的刻画时间位于公元前1400年到公元前600年之间。换句话说，它出现于青铜时代晚期或者铁器时代初期。

第8段

The latter end of this date range would tie the carving of the horse in with occupation of the nearby Uffington hillfort, indicating that it may represent a tribal emblem marking the land of the inhabitants of the hillfort. Alternatively, the carving may have been carried out during a Bronze or Iron Age ritual. Some researchers see the horse as representing the Celtic horse goddess Epona, who was worshipped as a protector of horses, and for her associations with fertility. However, the cult of Epona was not imported from Gaul (France) until around the first century CE. This date is at least six centuries after the Uffington Horse was probably carved. Nevertheless, the horse had great ritual and economic significance during the Bronze and Iron Ages, as attested by its depictions on jewellery and other metal objects. It is possible that the carving represents a goddess in native mythology, such as Rhiannon, described in later Welsh mythology as beautiful woman dressed in gold and riding a white horse.

这一时间区间的末尾会将马儿的刻画与附近阿芬顿hillfort的占据联系起来，说明它可能代表部落的徽记，标注这是hillfort居民的土地。除此之外，该图形也有可能是在青铜时代或者铁器时代的仪式中被刻画出来的。一些研究者认为马儿代表了凯尔特人的马神Epona。它作为马儿的保护者，并因为与生育的联系而接受人们的朝拜。然而，Epona崇拜直到公元1世纪才从高卢（法国）引入进来。这一时间相比于阿芬顿马儿可能出现的时间至少晚了六个世纪。不过，马儿在青铜时代和铁器时代有着很重要的仪式意义和经济意义。这一点可以通过珠宝与其他金属物品上的描绘得到证明。这一图形有可能代表了本土神话中的神袛，例如来安诺。她在随后的威尔士神话中被描绘成一位穿着金衣，骑着白马的漂亮女性。

第9段

The fact that geoglyphs can disappear easily, along with their associated rituals and meaning, indicates that they were never intended to be anything more than temporary gestures. But this does not lessen their importance. These giant carvings are a fascinating glimpse into the minds of their creators and how they viewed the landscape in which they lived.

地雕容易消失的事实，再加上与之相连的仪式和意义表明它们只是被当作暂时的姿态而已。但这并没有削弱它们的重要性。这些巨幅画作让我们得以窥视其创作者的思想以及他们如何看到自己生活的环境。

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